Friday, December 22, 2006

总参陆航部部长:中国需要什么样的陆航部队?

陆军航空兵是以武装直升机为主要装备的陆军主战兵种,是陆军实施非线式、非接触、全纵深机动作战的骨干力量。为适应新军事变革的需求,军委明确提出,陆军转型要“优先发展陆军航空兵”。建设一支什么样的陆航、怎样建设陆航和陆航在未来作战中准备打什么样的仗、怎样打赢,这是陆航人要作出选择和回答的现实问题。
  2005年,我们针对未来作战任务需求,立足现有装备和可能发展,加大了战法研究和训练力度,组织了全军陆航部队武装直升机战法研练。这次研练,是陆航组建以来第一次以陆航部队为主、多兵种协同的实兵研练活动,是陆航战斗力建设的一个重要转折,标志着以武装直升机为代表的陆航战法训法体系的初步形成,标志着陆航由运输保障型向攻运结合型的转变,在主战兵种的能力建设上迈出了坚实一步。
  下一步,我们要在已取得的战法理论研究成果基础上,进行充实完善并结合陆航担负的作战任务,加大军事训练中的战法验证运用和战法创新力度,有重点地研究陆航作战力量建设的指挥控制、力量编成、兵力部署、作战原则、战法运用、野战保障以及与其它军兵种协同作战等问题,努力探讨在应急作战、登陆作战、边境反击作战等不同作战样式中的兵种运用方法与特点,逐步形成一套比较完备的陆军航空兵作战理论体系,加速推进陆航力量“由单一型向合成型、由运输型向攻运结合型、由辅助型向主战型”的转变,实现陆航发展的历史性跨越。
  先进的武器装备,是加速陆航战斗力发展的重要平台。陆航主战装备建设应采取“研制、挖潜、引进”相结合的发展思路:在装备研制上,着重发展符合陆军航空兵作战需求和提高陆军空中突击能力的先进武器装备,特别是抓好新型专用武装直升机的研制生产,把主战装备的建设立足在自己力量的基点上。在装备挖潜上,要树立立足现有装备打胜仗的思想,在直九武装直升机改型的基础上,增加夜战能力和空战能力,以适应作战环境的需求,迅速提高相关能力。在装备引进上,针对应急作战的客观需要,批量引进国外先进直升机,确保战法研练有平台、装备研制有借鉴。在装备结构上,突出武装直升机建设,搞好运输、战勤直升机的协调发展,适当增加部分承担战术支援和综合保障任务的固定翼飞机,逐步解决主战装备建设存在的矛盾和不足,大幅度缩小与世界军事强国陆航武器装备建设之间的差距。
  陆航建设发展是一个复杂的系统工程。以科学发展观为指导加速陆航部队战斗力提升,就要在抓好顶层设计、主战装备建设和人才队伍建设的同时,不断深化陆航体制编制的科学调整,切实加强战场保障体系特别是野战伴随保障能力建设,以重点方向建设牵引各方建设质量整体提高,靠各方力量协调发展促进部队战斗力的跃升,真正实现陆航部队“快速投送、精确打击、有效制空、实时保障”四种能力,确保陆航部队拉得出、上得快、打得赢。

意大利A129武装直升机

欧洲西方国家研制的第一种专用武装直升机
  意大利陆军航空兵的主战直升机A129,
是一种轻型专用武装直升机,绰号“猫鼬”(Mangusta)。A129从1975年开始研制, 1985开始试飞,1990开始正式交付给意大利陆军航空兵服役,迄今生产总数不过60架,而且全是交付给意大利陆军,未正式参加过作战。
  A129的诞生还要从当初意大利军方的作战需求谈起。上个世纪的冷战时期,欧洲两大军事集团形成剑拔弩张的对峙局面,华约方面拥有大量坦克,惯用坦克集群突袭作战方式。位于欧洲中南部的意大利,其东北边界距离当时的华约国家匈牙利不过200千米,所以意大利军方十分担心华约集团大量坦克集群的入侵。此外,意大利吸取了美军在越南战争中使用直升机作战的经验并根据本国具体条件,提出了发展轻型武装直升机的要求,以反坦克作战为主要任务,满足在本地区使用。
  按照意大利陆军的要求,A129要具有仪表飞行能力,能在夜间执行作战任务,适应本国高温高原环境(靠近欧洲阿尔卑斯山脉的东南方向)使用,按美国军用标准设计。直升机抗坠撞生存力为90% ,要求有一定隐身作战能力,以有线制导的反坦克导弹为主要武器,主要执行打击坦克集群入侵的作战任务,也可以实施对地火力支援进行对地攻击和武装侦察等军事用途。
  A129由意大利阿古斯塔公司独家负责研制,政府出资70% ,阿古斯塔公司担负30%。整个研制过程比较顺利,产品性能不错、售价不贵。
  作为一种轻型专用武装直升机,A129机长14.29米,机身宽0.95米,至旋翼桨毂项部机高3.35米。旋翼桨叶由复合材料制造,机体所有外露面的70%为复合材料。铝合金大梁和构架组成常规半硬壳式结构。复合材料占整个机身重量(除发动机外)的45 % ,占空重的16.1%,主要用于机头整流罩、尾梁、尾斜梁、发动机短舱、座舱盖骨架和维护壁板。该机在乘员舱和其它重要部位有保护装置,能防7.62和12.7毫米枪弹。串列式双座舱,副驾驶/射手在前,飞行员在较高的后舱内,均有坠机能量吸收座椅。采用抗坠毁固定式后三点起落架。
  A129的全综合化的多路传输系统能极大增强了飞行员完成复杂任务的能力。该系统可控制导航、飞行指引仪、火控系统、自动驾驶仪、传动和发动机工作状况监测器、燃油管路、液压系统和电气系统监测器及告警系统,使得上述系统组成一个完善的整体。该系统由两台“哈里斯”中心计算机操纵,单台计算机也能单独控制整个系统。全系统兼容MIL-STD-1553B数据总线,两台交联计算机负责综合管理直升机的电子设备和飞行控制系统。输出设备为下视多功能显示器,分别向驾驶员和副驾驶员/炮手提供显示。这些都使A129具备完善的昼夜作战能力。
  机上装有霍尼韦尔公司生产的前视红外探测系统,使得飞行员可在夜间贴地飞行。头盔显示瞄准系统使驾驶员和武器操作手均可迅速地发起攻击。为了夜间执行反坦克任务,前视红外探测系统可以增强“陶”式导弹的目标截获和制导能力。这种探测系统也可在白天使用。机身装有复合材料悬臂式短翼,位于后座舱后的旋翼轴平面内。每个短翼装有2个外挂架,4个外挂点上可携带1200千克外挂物。通常携带8枚“陶”式反坦克导弹、两挺机枪或81毫米火箭发射巢。瞄准具安装在机头,还可安装旋翼主轴瞄准具。
  主动和被动自卫系统是A129的标准设备。被动电子战系统包括雷达告警接收机、激光告警接收机。积极对抗手段包括雷达干扰机或红外干扰机或干扰箔条布撒机。
  与“阿帕奇”的差距
  除意大利本国外,A129并没有新的用户,原来打算订购的荷兰等国取消了订单,意大利陆军航空兵也未增加新的订货。这一情况与美军AH-64“阿帕奇”近千架的产量、数十个国家地区的订单形成了强烈反差,真可谓“门庭冷落”无人问津,到底是什么原因呢?
  A129与美国陆军的AH-64“阿帕奇”专用武装直升机是同一个时代的武器装备,它们之间有着许多相似之处。
  在外形上,两机均为四片桨叶的单旋翼,常规尾桨。此外,在机身、驾驶舱、发动机、武器、起落架布局等方面两机均十分相似,粗看照片不太好区分,如果将它们放在一起展示,才显出一个小、一个大。难怪人们把A129称为AH-64的缩小型。
  性能方面,它门同为专用武装直升机,以反坦克导弹为主要作战武器,都能全天候、昼夜出动,机动过载能力差不多,且都有良好的抗弹击、抗坠撞、红外抑制、电子对抗等战场生存力设计。
  但如果仔细比较一下有关的性能数据就会发现,A129与AH-64在作战使用性能上是有所差别的。
  虽然都是专用武装直升机,但AH-64火力强、作战范围大。 AH-64能在海拔4000米以上的高原地区起飞作战,而A129只能在4000米以下地带使用。作战使用生能的差异就是它们之间的主要差别。
  改进升级
  随着冷战消失以及反恐作战的兴起,昔日坦克集群突袭的威胁已不复存在,作战对手及作战形态发生了变化。A129的载弹量、火力、作战半径、作战高度已经满足不了现代反恐作战的需要,在国际军用直升机市场上,人们更看重AH-64等航程远、续航时间长、作战范围大、载弹量大、火力更强一类的大型直升机。所以 A129 销路不佳,可谓生不逢时。在这种背景下,阿古斯塔公司毅然决定斥资对A129实施升级改型。技术升级改型的内容主要包括两个方面。一是增大动力;二是改进航空电子设备。
  在动力装置方面,换装大功率发动机。选用了美国为RAH-66“科曼奇”直升机新研制的CTS-800-OA涡轴发动机,替换原装的罗?罗公司研制、意大利毕亚交公司仿制的 Gem2MKl004D涡轴发动机。机上2台发动机同时工作最大功率由2×615千瓦提高到2×996千瓦。
  旋翼系统由4片桨叶改成5片桨叶,增大了旋翼系统的拉力,使全机最大起飞重量由4100千克提高到5100千克,有地效条件下悬停高度由3750米提高到4206米,以便在4200米以上也能起飞执行任务。
  增大了机内燃油量。机内载油能力提了33% .使航程增大到561千米。
  头部安装的直瞄武器由12.7毫米机枪改为3管20毫米机炮,增强了对地攻击的火力。具有使用AGM-114“海尔法”反坦克导弹的能力,相比起“陶”式,反坦克能力大大增强。另外增加了发射北约制式70毫米火箭弹发射器,具备了发射“毒刺”空空导弹的能力。
  此外,为起落架设计了选装的滑撬,可以在雪天起降执行作战任务。
  改进后,电子设备采用两个独立的红外夜视系统,并采用了头盔显示器,使得夜间和恶劣气象下的战斗力得以提高。机上加装了完善的数字式综合控制系统,可管理飞行和作战任务分系统。阿古斯塔公司还改善了A129的可维护性,并开发了相应的模拟器及软件。驾驶舱里安装了新的多功能显示器。以惯性导航/GPS全球定位系统作为主导航设备。改进目标观察和瞄准传感器,导弹发射采用了激光制导系统,具有进行自主式激光识别、跟踪制导和远离距发射空地导弹的能力,不仅提高了武器命中精度,同时提高了自身战场作战生存力。
  升级后的A129性能有了显著改善,作战效能得到全面提升,昔日的A129已不能与之相比了。新的A129于1995年首飞成功后,立刻在国际军用直升机市场上倍受瞩目,土耳其、澳大利亚、斯洛文尼亚、马来西亚、新加坡、西班牙和瑞士等国家纷纷表示了对新A129的兴趣。阿古斯塔公司趁势将升级后的A129命名为A129 International――“猫鼬”国际型。在此基础上,该公司还在进行A129的舰载武器验证试飞,以满足意大利海军陆战队的作战需要并扩大其销路。

Helicopter Training Center

Introduction
Helicopter training at Hovercontrol is performed using PC-based Helicopter Flight Simulator systems that are connected together via the internet. Our helicopter training is provided for entertainment and new-pilot preparation purposes. Hovercontrol does not provide non-simulated helicopter flight training of any kind. Hovercontrol has created a helicopter training program which is intended to be challenging, rewarding, and as inclusive as possible for virtual helicopter pilots. - whether you are a first time flyer or a seasoned real world helicopter pilot, we believe you will enjoy participating in our training program. Our objective is to provide an environment where all helicopter pilots, regardless of current ability, can continue to learn about helicopter flight and enjoy the challenge of participating in instructor-led helicopter flight training. One of the primary objectives of our helicopter training program is to develop human relationships between student pilots and Hovercontrol instructor pilots. All of our helicopter flight training is conducted between live instructors and student pilots from around the globe. We do not use "automated" instructor pilots, or pre-scripted training adventures. Our training is performed live, in a mult-user helicopter flight simulation training environment, utilizing real-time voice and visual capabilities. Our helicopter training program is open to all Hovercontrol members. Program Content The Hovercontrol Helicopter Training Program is made up of several ground school and helicopter flight training courses geared to allow students to work towards a rating. There is a helicopter training course and various requirements associated with each rating. The ratings, in order to be achieved are: About our Helicopter Training Environment One of the key areas that differentiate Hovercontrol from other simulation sites is its live instructor-based helicopter flight training using helicopter simulation. We have dedicated corps of international instructors that provide many hours of one-on-one helicopter training and support not only to pilots pursuing the Certified Pilot rating and above, but also to the more casual helicopter simulation enthusiast who is looking for just a few pointers. Our helicopter instructors have a wide variety of real world helicopter and fixed-wing experience as well. Most of our helicopter flight training is conducted in the Hovercontrol Multi-user Environment. This environment utilizes Microsoft Flight Simulator 2004 as a helicopter simulator platform, FSInn, and Teamspeak for voice communications. Helicopter Flight Simulation is the future of globally distributed Helicopter Flight Training.

the world's first civilian tiltrotor

The BA609 Tiltrotor combines the speed, altitude, and comfort of a turboprop with the vertical takeoff and landing capabilities of a helicopter. Having cruising capabilities of 25,000 ft., this versatile aircraft will fly in icing conditions and extreme climates, from Arctic to desert. With seating up to nine passengers and at twice the speed of typical helicopters of comparable capacity, the BA609 is designed to be the best multi-mission aircraft for the task. An executive could conceivably take off from the helipad of a country house outside London, fly in comfort to a meeting in Frankfurt in just 60 minutes, then fly on to Zurich, Milan and back home for early dinner. All with a minimum of ground transportation requirements.Conversely, covering vast distances in a hurry without typical delays required to accommodate fixed-wing aircraft, is reason enough to consider the BA609 Tiltrotor for any fleet. From city center to city center, there's no quicker way to travel from one downtown area to another for distances between 50 and 500 miles. Add up the BA609's unique capabilities and performance characteristics, add in excellent value and low lifecycle costs, and the result is superior personalized transportation. The BA609 is simply one of the most useful and versatile aircraft in aviation history. Whether in a crowded urban air traffic corridor or in undeveloped region, this revolutionary tiltrotor will shine as exquisite transport anywhere in the world.Until the advent of the BA609, their tasks have been performed using a combination of private and chartered helicopters and fixed-wing aircraft in concert with scheduled airline flights. The BA609 Tiltrotor offers the vertical takeoff and landing capability of a helicopter, with the cruising speed, altitude, and range of a fixed wing aircraft. It represents a totally new approach to executive transportation, search and rescue, and law enforcement applications. The unique characteristics of the BA609 Tiltrotor can literally revolutionize this process by giving tightly scheduled executives a single efficient solution to the problem of getting from here to there in the shortest possible time with a noise level which is remarkably low. The BA609 combines the benefits of several transportation choices into one aircraft.In March of 2003, Bell/Agusta made aviation history with the inaugural test flight of the world's first civilian tiltrotor at Bell's Flight Research Center in Arlington, Texas. Designed from the outset for low life cycle maintenance and maximum operational flexibility, the civil tiltrotor will offer operators highly cost-effective, point-to-point transportation at cruise speeds up to 275 knots and at ranges up to 750 nautical miles, (depending on operational parameters and atmospheric conditions).The BA609 will be pressurized and certified for instrument flight into known icing conditions and features composite materials construction, an advanced glass cockpit, and digital flight controls. These advanced technologies will provide new levels of performance, reliability and affordabilty to the aviation world.
Maximum Cruise Speed
275 kt
509 km/hr
HOGE(ISA, MGW, AEO)
5,000 ft MSL
1,150 m
Service Ceiling (MCP) (All Engines Operating)
25,000 ft
7,622 m
O.E.I. (ISA, MGW)
12,800 ft MSL
3,866 m
Maximum Range * (no reserve)
1,000 nm
1,852 km

helicopter

Although fixed-wing aircraft receive all the attention by most historians, helicopter flight was the first flight envisioned by man. In fact, the ancient Chinese were playing with a hand-spun toy that rose upward when revolved rapidly and as early as the mid 1500's, the great Italian inventor Leonardo Da Vinci had used his fertile mind to make drawings of a machine that we now know as the helicopter.
His design, like many others to follow, would work theoretically but would have been impractical in full-sized form.
Many extraordinary models were developed by an ever increasing number of great thinkers, but all the pioneers were missing two essentials: a true understanding of the nature of lift and an adequate engine.
The great breakthrough came at the end of the nineteenth century. The invention of the internal combustion engine made it possible for the pioneers to develop full-sized models with an adequate power source. It was then they found the first of many great problems: torque, the effect produced by the rotor to force the fuselage to rotate in the opposite direction as the engine.
The beginning of the 20th century saw the pioneers experimenting and resolving many of the problems that appeared with each advancement. The old saying,"One step forward and two steps back," was the order of the day for the early pioneers. Dissymmetry of lift, the action that tended to cause the early helicopters to flip over, confounded the early pioneers until the invention of the swashplate. The swashplate, with cyclic pitch control allowed the rotor blade angles to be altered so that lift would be equal on each side of the central shaft.
However, there were many problems that had not been worked out on any one individual helicopter. Then on November 13, 1907, the French pioneer Paul Cornu lifted a twin- rotored helicopter into the air entirely without assistance from the ground for a few seconds.
After that, several models were produced by many designs but there were no more great advances until another French pioneer, Etienne Oehmichen, became the first to fly a helicopter a kilometer in a closed circuit in 1924. It was a historic flight taking 7 minutes and 40 seconds.
Advances began to come fast and furious. One of the more important advances in the development of vertical flight was made by the Spaniard Juan de la Cierva. His design, called the autogyro, was not a true helicopter but his contribution was very important.
By 1936, many of the problems had solutions and with the introduction of the German Focke-Wulf Fw 61, the first practical helicopter was a reality. Vertical flight was not a dream anymore.
This historical evolution of rotary wing aircraft is dedicated to all those that were involved in the development of the most versatile vehicle known by man and exists due the enormous help of so many people from all around the world. Thanks to all !